Quantitative Techniques for Business Project Essay

Quantitative Techniques for Business Project - Essay ExampleThis assignment studies look of stock prices at daily interval for the period from July 20, 1988 to July 20, 2009. dactyl 1, 2 and 3 illustrate the dynamic character of stock prices respectively of companies Microsoft, Intel, and H&P. The graphical views tell us that these three stocks exhibited exponential growth from the set about until the middle of 2000. All three stocks later dropped in prices by 30%-% 40% in about 24 moths. They never achieved the previous peak. Microsoft maintained persistent prices for the rest of the period while Intel and Hewlett & Packard went through bumpy roads. The dynamic character of Apple stock was different from that of previously mentioned stocks. Figure 4 shows the asymptotic behavior of Apple stock prices from the beginning of the observation period until the middle of 1999. In the latter period, Apple stock price exhibited exponential growth until was hit by the global financial cri sis of 2008. Apples sudden growth after the mid-1999 can be associated with the release of new products and services. The exponential growth of Microsoft, Intel and H&P stock prices from 1988 until 2000 should be contributed to the development of digital technology of that time. Thus, we can conclude that the innovation and new products influence the rise in stock prices. At the comparable time, irrespective of innovation, the overall market condition also causes influence on the stock prices. Figure 5 depicts S&P 500 king determine from September 26, 2008 to November 21, 2008. In 41 days, the index dropped by 34%. This incident is named as the Global Financial Crisis of 2008. It caused a drop in prices of Microsoft, Apple, Intel and H&P stocks respectively by 27.69%, 35.61%, 31.13%, and 27.55%.This assignment is using time-series data of stock prices. Let Pt be the price of an asset at a time index t and P t-1 at a time t-1. We assume

Technological Disasters Annotated Bibliography Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Technological Disasters - Annotated Bibliography Example2. In the article Cyber sashaying Intervention and Prevention Strategies by (Feinberg, 2011), the author outlines the various bar strategies of cyberbullying. These interventions are mainly aimed at protecting children and teenagers, since they are the ones nighly affected by electronic bullying. The article also illustrates the various types of cyberbullying. Bullying has severe social, psychological, and corporeal effects. Feinberg (2011) cites emotional harm as a significant impact of cyberbullying. The cyberbullying victims suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) due to the trauma associated with bullying threats.3. Donegan studies the history, law, and prevention of bullying. The author illustrates that most teens make frequent access to the Internet, including chatting, downloading music, searching for school assignment, and communicating with friends. As the teens move through the highly competitive education system, they may start to bully or be bullied. Lawmakers continue to wrestle with the issue of cyberbullying. As of June 2010, about 43 states in the United Statea had bullying prevention laws (Donegan, 2012)4. Little or no warning precedes events that are associated with technological hazards. None of the victims of cyberbullying are prepared to be bullied. Patchin (2006) illustrates the emotional and psychological impacts of cyberbullying. The victims often exhibit symptoms of depression. Depression can be a sign of trauma. Also, the victims of cyberbullying fear to go school, and experience dysphoric feelings of humiliation and loneliness. As a consequence, they often suffer from trauma. Continuing exposure to cyberbullying makes them to suffer from post-traumatic stress disorder.5. In the book Female crime victims Reality reconsidered by Burgess-Proctor, Patchin, and Hinduja (2009),

Phones a Blessing or a Curse Essay Example for Free

Phones a Blessing or a Curse EssayTechnology plays a significant role in our daily lives technology has without a doubt, made our lives very easy for us. Technology, along with its unlimited advantages also has a lot of disadvantages. Technology is a gift to ourselves so that we can live our lives more comfortably but many people tend to abuse this gift for their own pleasure or personal gain. Cell Phone is one such device that has made our life so easy that we cannot even think of a world without it. This electronic device has multiple uses and bleeds. It has become an important part and parcel of our life. Without cell phones we usually feel incomplete. Trendy and stylish cell phones have become a part of fashion now days. It has now become a multi-utility device, and not just remain a communication device.see moreessay on mobile phone advantages and disadvantages wikipediaUses of cell phones Mobile phones are the most convenient and fastest means of communication. You can c all anyone from anywhere and anytime. It is a great consultation of entertainment also. We can play games, listen to music, talk to your friends, send messages, and so on when we get bored. It can be used for capturing and storing important information. It can function as a radio. We can listen to music while driving and traveling. Mobiles can replace watches to check the time and alarm clocks that wakes us up. Our percentage can also be recorded in our mobiles. It can be used as a torch when the light goes. Mobiles with cameras are used to deal photos and making videos. We can also freeze our memorable moments. Mobiles also have calendars to check days and dates. We can download our favorite songs, wallpapers, ring tones, and movies in our mobile. If we upset the way, we can use our mobile and call for cooperate. Use mobile phones in place of paper and pen. This saves paper, which in turn saves trees. Mobile phones having the facility of calculator help to do mental calcu lations.

Solving This Case Please Essay Example for Free

Solving This Case Please EssayProfessor A. vanguard Cauwenbergh of Antwerp University, in a paper presented at the Tenth Anniversary Conference of the European Institute for Advanced Studies in Management, presented four revisions to traditional Management Theory. In summary, the revisions atomic number 18(1) The initiative for the renewal and adjustment of the activities of a firm should come from the different levels in the management hierarchy. Strategy is not a privilege of outmatch management. (2) Firms, especially big firms, are incoherent systems (goals of the different component systems are not simply subdivisions of an overall goal there are individual, remote goals as well). Some of these differences are manifestations of organizational initiative and vitality. Using information systems and central planning and rule making to suppress all differences is destructive to organizations.(3) The nearly vital fluid of an enterprise is the aggregate of its entrepreneurial values. The most fundamental and motivation and control come through these shared values relative to work, quality, efficiency, and so forth Management often neglects these values and assumes that the collection and dissemination of information will provide sufficient motivation and control. (4) Enterprises are open systems their structure and operating processes are determined by their environment. This means organizations must be designed to continually adjust to the environment.Questions1. If these revisions are correct, how is planning to be organized? How should the information system strengthener the planning organization? 2. Can the information system aid in achieving shared values? 3. How might a comprehensive system be utilise to stifle initiative

Human Resource Management Essay Example for Free

Human Resource Management EssayThe key to trans turn a great championship idea into reality. Every business concept has a hand in hand relation with the manpower who leave drive various tantrum of the business. Unless the human resource and various aspect of it is not understood and utilized appropriately the success of businessCompetency and Its MappingCompetence (or competency) is the ability of an individualist to coiffe a job or any given assignment properly. A competency is a set of defined behaviors that provide a structured maneuver enabling the identification, evaluation and development of the behaviors in individual or group of employees. Various kind of competency was understood and based on this an individual or group of individual may be assigned a job. At the same time I got an opportunity to assess my personal competency and how it may be shifted to expert level i.e. I was not very comfortable with sudden changes in the course action suggested by my senior dealing with non get through instruction use to disturb me. But now I confuse understood that this is a part of job as one grows up in the corporate structure. And will have to manage such situation with better competency.RecruitmentThe process of recruiting an individual for some known set of job is excessively one of the important take a musical mode from this course. This refers to the process of attracting, screening, and selecting a qualified person for a job. The process to achieve competency in all the preceding(prenominal) mentioned skills was discussed in the course and it gave a fairly good idea on how to manage.Training and DevelopmentTraining and development is the field which is concerned with organizational act aimed at bettering the performance of individuals and groups in organizational settings. A well trained employee is the most valuable asset to the organization as he is capable of carrying into action most of the process desired by the respective individ ual.Important Legal Aspect In Reference to Indian Labor law.The legal aspect in the context of Indian labor law we got acquainted to some of the important laws which we must know as managers. This is for our benefit, the benefit of the group, company, society and the nation at large. The howl mentioned acts were very informative. Industrial Disputes procedure 1947 Trade Union Act 1926 Factories Act 1948 Employees Provident Funds Misc. Provisions Act 1952 Employees State Insurance Act 1948 Maternity Benefit Act, 1961 Payment of Gratuity Act 1972 Employees Compensation Act 1923Although the take away in this course cannot be documented fully notwithstanding I have pointed out few of them which was important to me. The take away will be demonstrated in the time to come by the way it is implemented in the real and practical situations.HR audit on Appraisal SystemHR audit is the systematic verification of various aspect of human interaction with the concerned job. This encompa sses job analysis and design, recruitment and selection, orientation and placement, training and development, performance appraisal and job evaluation, employee and executive remuneration, motivation and morale, participative management, communication, welfare and cordial security, safety and health, industrial relations, trade unionism, and disputes and their resolution. HR audit is very much useful to achieve the organizational finale and also is a vital shot which helps to assess the effectiveness of HR functions of an organization. It gives an idea that the organization is aligned to the organizational vision, mission and mark or not.In reference to this assignment I have done audit of appraisal system and its linkage to indemnify for performanceAppraisal System and Pay for PerformanceThe purpose to do this audit is to rise and pinpoint strength and weaknesses related to HR areas like appraisal system and Pay for performance system to enable an organization to achieve its long-term and short-run goals. This audit is done for my own organization. Few suggestions for improvement are also added.The present Appraisal systemThe job role is clearly explained and is quantified. The performance is rated as A+ , A, B+ , B and C. The one who exceed in achieving the goal this will get A+ and so on. The one who gets A+ will be rewarded monetarily for display of great performance which exceeded the given target. Rest all will not be financially rewarded. This happens every quarter and finally at the curio of financial year. Management felt it pauperismed to use pay-for performance as an additional inducement either to achieve particular goals, to reinforce learning and/or team behavior in semiautonomous teams, and or to compensate for an increase in span of control due to de-layering.In this assignment I will probe to point out the negatives of this kind of appraisal systemNegative pointsEveryone is concerned for their target and tend to ignore the following . Specifically, they motivate employees to focus excessively on doing what they need to do to gain rewards, sometimes at the expense of doing other things that would help the organization.1. The senior many time fails to inculcate employee motivation towards their individual achievement goal which in turn is a component of immediate senior goal. i. Hence fails to inculcate the charm of achieving challenging but doable goal.2. There is a quota of upshot of person who will get recognized for excellent performance. Corporate budgets for bonuses often limit payout.i. That in other terms means the achievement of goal is not the only measuring parameter. There are several more differentiating agentive roles which decide that the individual will get recognized or not.ii. This sometime becomes non motivating factor in the mid of the evaluation course when an individual realizes that the recognition is based on the ability beyond the achievement of target.iii. Managers can lose commitmen t to the pay system if it pays out more than anticipated due to problems in payout standards and if at that place are changes in performance standards due to changes in technology and organizational arrangements and unanticipated learning curves.iv. It is changing circumstances that make it difficult for managers to sustain links between pay and performance in a way that will reduce perceptions of unfairness and inequity. Such perceptions can undermine the perceived link between pay and performance so important to sustain its motivational power.3. There is no formal discussion with the HR representative during the appraisal.i. Which leads to inappropriate focus of personal development from HR point of view.In other words, rather than assuming that there are universal best practices for pay-for-performance, it may be that what is effective for a particular organization depends on some unique aspects of its culture, and one must, therefore, be vigilant in generalizing from one orga nization to another, even within the same industry. To ignore employee discontent with the pay system would mean undercutting the high-commitment culture.Suggestion for changes1. Discussion on the goal with the individual monthly, quarterly as well as half yearly and finally annual.2. The recognition of performance should be based on the attitude and attested motivation towards achievement of goals set during the above discussion.3. Appraisal should be done in presence of HR representative and immediate supervisor.4. Many times the individual does not know why he is being asked to do any specific job and is unable to see the bigger picture i.e corporate strategy, private-enterprise(a) strategy and functional strategy. And hence the individual does not sapidity himself inclusive in the overall process.5. Apart from the specific goals of the company there must be a focus on the personal skill, knowledge and attitude of the employee. There must be a discussion on the training need and requirement. This will strengthen the most valuable asset of any organization.6. The pay for performance should not be limited to little number of persons. It should be distributed in form of slabs to all.7. High commitment can only be created if employees develop an emotional attachment to the task, management, and the company. This in turn can only be developed if they feel fairly treated. And, this in turn is a function of how much voice they have in issues that affect task performance and their well-being.8. The recognition of performance should not be based on the skills other than the professional need.

Concept of E Marketing

Concept of E MarketingIntroductionIn todays business world Marketing is everywhere in diametric forms. In ancient time when people may have started business or trading, no matter what business or take they have done, maybe in any form marketing would be there. Marketing could be there when they may have t elder some stories to make their business or trade to other people. With the passage of time human generation changed and along with that marketing may also have changed too. The ways of marketing may have alter and modified with the period of time and possibly it will changed with change in future generations, and now people ar become more smart and respectable to tell those stories while making their business and trade today. The concept of E Marketing fuck be considered as an instrument that works on old age marketing norms and fundamental with the use of modern technologies of communication.What does E marketing means? As mention above that the concept of E Marketing can be considered as an application that works by implementing old age marketing norms and fundamental with the use of modern technologies of communication specifically internet. There are different name of e-marketing, it can also be refer as online marketing, internet marketing and some quantify electronic marketing but this all equipment casualty are used as synonym of each other. In this study e-marketing is refers to internet marketing only. In E-marketing a brand is promoted or advertised via internet. As per the above elements online marketing is a mixture of all the activities that marketer adopts to promote product and services through world wide web by retention force back of attracting attention of new firms, retaining existing firm and exploring their brands identity. (www.quirk.biz.com)Aim of this research India is a developing country with significant rate of poverty and illiteracy. The use of technology is very limited. The main aim of this research is to critically e valuate e-marketing of Indian banking industry. In todays world internet is everywhere. Internet marketing ties together creative and technical aspects of the Internet, including design, development, advertising, and sale. Internet marketing also refers to the placement of media along different stages of the customer engagement cycle through search railway locomotive marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), banner ads on specific websites and e-mail marketing. In 2008 The New York Times working with comScore published an initial estimate to quantify the user entropy collected by large Internet-based companies. Counting four types of interactions with company websites in accession to the hits from advertisements served from advertising networks, the authors found the potential for collecting data upward of 2,500 times on average per user per month (Louise, S, 2008). Through internet marketing companies can approach their customers anywhere in the world. It is like bounda ry less marketing. now with an internet marketing companies does not need to put more efforts to enter other countries to promote their products. Internet marketing has had a large impact on several previously retail-oriented industries including music, film, pharmaceuticals, banking, flea markets, as well as the advertising industry itself. Internet marketing is now overtaking radio marketing in name of market share (Holahan, C 2006). In the music industry, many consumers have been purchasing and downloading music (e.g., MP3 files) over the Internet for several years in addition to purchasing compact discs. By 2008 Apple Inc.s iTunes Store has become the largest music vendor in the United States (www.bbc.co.uk). Developed countries are using more technologies than under(a) develop and developing do. Therefore an inspiration has been taken to critically evaluate e-marketing of banking industry in India as a developing country. To accomplish main aim of these research four object lenss has been located which are as belowComparison of e-marketing and traditional marketing of Indian banking industryTo evaluate an advantage and disadvantage of e-marketing of Indian banking industry.To find out factors affecting effectiveness of e-marking of Indian banking industry.To predict future of e-marketing of Indian banking industry.The first objective is to compare e-marketing and traditional approach of marketing in terms of Indian economical and demographical conditions. Second objective is to evaluate benefits and limitation of e-marketing of Indian banking industry. In this objective benefits and advantages will be focused on twain the side i.e. banks and their customers. In third objective factors affecting effectiveness of e-marketing of Indian banking industry is been determined. In other words, this objective is up to some extend relates to assist objective. In these objective reasons of advantage and disadvantages of e-marketing of Indian banking industry ha s been evaluated. Finally, last objective is to predict future of e-marketing of Indian banking industry. This objective is a sort of conclusion. The nature of this objective is conclusive with future prediction.

National Brands And Private Labels

National Brands And cliquish LabelsDifferent peer reviewed articles and articles published in newspapers, business magazines, sell pains websites and industry experts, test a hypothesis and to draw a conclusion.FindingsThe findings from the view suggest that orphic approximates be generally considered low on determine and reference. relative incidence of rejection generally happens prior to purchase due to extrinsic cues. Store loyalty and image plays a crucial role in selecting the undercover guesss. Retailers derive higher(prenominal) margins, differentiate themselves from competitors and retain better control over value chain in the case of privy stigmatises. To compete with subject provokers, retailers these days argon growing a portfolio of snobbish labels across legal injury points, improving the extrinsic cues to improve the sensed image of esoteric labels. Managers can enhance consumers perception of the PLB image by improving the service note that r e tardys to the PLB and pass on PLB yields with good smell and reliable performance safe for use to reduce perceived performance risk and personal risk, which in turn will increase consumers purchase intention for PLB mathematical products.INTRODUCTIONPrivate LabelsPrivate labels atomic number 18 defined as the products admited and mark by the organizations whose primary objective is distribution earlier than action (Schutte, 1969).Private labels can also be seen as brands owned non by a maker or producer but by a retailer or supplier who gets its goods made by a contract producer under its own label. Pandya Joshi, in their book define memory brands or PLs as brands owned, controlled and sold exclusively by retailer.Private label products encompass all merchandize sold under a retailers brand. That brand can be the retailers own name or a name created exclusively by that retailer.Distinction amongst National-Brands and Private LabelsThe content brand is the product t hat is distributed subject fieldly under a brand name owned by the producer or distributor, as opposed to local brands (products distributed only in some areas of the country), and clannish label brands (products that carry the brand of the retailer rather than the producer.) National Brands has longer history than the Private Label. So customer knowledge towards the national brand is higher than offstage labels.With the rise of national advertising, manufacturers brands or national brands (NBs) became widely recognized by consumers who elected their preferred brands and became loyal to them. Over time, manufacturers could drill great influence over the final demand for their products and secured a better bargaining position when dealing with retailers (Grant 1987). Retailers saw their margins drastically reduced, and their power to determine the prices to consumers depreciated (Borden 1967).In the food retailing industry, supermarket chains were no longer able to compete, sol ely, on the basis of price. A way found by retailers to beat competition was through and through the establishment of Private Label.TYPES OF PRIVATE LABELGeneric underground labelsPrivate labels first came onto the scene several decades ago in the US and Europe, and about a decade ago in India, as cheap, inferior products. They were presented as generics, often not bearing the name of the retailer, but simply the name of the product, such as milk or butter, in plain script on a white plain background. Mostly basic food products, canned goods and paper goods, they were offered at low prices, competitive with the lowest priced product in that category. The product range appealed to the budget-sensitive shopper. They were seen as low prime(a) but cheap. Retailers rarely run price promotions because the product is cheap already and there is usually only one product to choose from. It emphasizes on the basic use of a product and is available in simple packaging, limited advertisement and cut in attribute and therefore occupies the lowest price tier.Classic /copy cat private labelsCopycat store brands carry the name of the retailer and tend to put up packaging and price points in truth close to the products that they compete with. The retailers tend to target branded products that are already successful then produce a copycat that has akin ingredients, packaging and pricing. Copycat retailers can thereby cash in on the success of the branded product without having to incur the costs associated with ascending the product and researching the market. Marketing costs are also kept down since the product is instantly recognizable as creation associated with the product it is copying. With copycat brands there is no cost of failure to absorb since only successful products are targeted. The retailer tends to produce a similar product and offer it at a lower price than the branded product so the message to the consumer is that it is as good but cheaper.The advanta ges of having copycat brands is not only to make profit on the sale of the product itself, but it creates competition for the existing manufacturer branded products as well as change magnitude the retailers bargaining power with the manufacturers, since the retailer has the option to promote its own brand in competition with the original brands.The Spanish clothing chain Zara is a very successful copycat association that sells private labels only, producing fashion clothing at very low prices that imitates famous designers and well-known brands. They employ talented and unknown novel designers to pick up on key trends and translate them into clothing for the Zara chain. Its strategy allows it to operate with extremely low costs of advertising, staffing, market research, and so on, that the manufacturer brands stick around to incur.Premium private labelsAs retailer strategies baffle developed, the turn upes have evolved to incorporate premium store brands. Retailers have seen t he opportunity to differentiate their products and thereby target a whole new section of the market. The latest trend is to establish high forest products with distinctive packaging, presented as a whole new product melody by the retailer, targeted at competing with the top brands in the range.Kumar and Steenkamp define two types of premium brands the premium private label which is exclusive, higher in price, and superior in select to competing brands and the premium-lite store brand which is promoted as being equal or better in quality to the competing brands, while being cheaper. comfort innovators in private labelsValue innovators are the fourth main category of private labels. The retailers go alonging this approach have focused on cutting down costs and processes to simplify the production and marketing of product ranges, so that a good quality product can be offered at very low prices. The value innovator approach differs greatly to the generic, copycat and premium label a pproaches. There are a trope of key principles that must be adhered to for this approach to be successful.Limited number of productsLow costs of production and marketingGood quality products at low pricesPRIVATE LABEL BRANDS IN INDIAN MARKET Indias largest retail company Future Group has 12 apparel, 4 FMCG and 2 household product private labels in its formats Big Bazaar, Food Bazaar and Pantaloon. Besides these it also has umpteen another(prenominal) private labels across categories and formats. Aditya Birlas private labels segment has 7 brands which Aditya Birla Retail Limited provides customers products under its own labels. Private label Food Brands include Feasters, Kitchens Promise, and crush of India. Home Personal care brands include Enriche, 110%, Pestex, Paradise and Germex. It is also planning to launch its private labels in milk and dairy products. Tata Croma has plans for 100+ private labels across categories alike personal care equipment, laptops, olive-sized app liances, etc. Reliance Fresh sells staples and food items under Reliance Select and Reliance Value brands. It has belatedly launched Dairy Pure, in the liquid milk segment. Reliance also sells a number of private labels in other categories like apparel, through its various other formats. Shoppers Stop has around 10 private labels, the prominent ones being Stop, Kashish, Life, etc. Bharti retail recently launched 8 international private labels of Wal-Mart in its supermarket chain, Easy day. Myntra is face to launch its own private label by Q3 2012, which according to him, will contribute to a better bottom-line for the company, since the margins in private labels are higher. Flipkart has entered the private label league through online store brand Digiflip, a brand that sells digital accessories such as laptop bags, sleeves and camera bags pouches. Ruchi Soya Corp has tied up recently with Future Group for manufacturing its private label brand Fresh Pure.Internationally Nestle wo rks with Lidl, a discount retailer, to create products and packaging in many categories across countries. In the Indian context, Brand owners and manufactures like Indo Nissin (Brand Top Ramen), Dynamix Dairy (Brand Dynamix) etc. also manufacture private label brands for their retailers to occupy their overmuch production capacity. Wal Marts private label George is one of the highest selling apparel brands in the US. Aldi, the German deep discounter has more than 90 per cent of its sales coming from private labels. Some of its private labels sell more than any national brand in GermanyADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATE LABELThe advantages and disadvantages vary depending to which market sector we are referring to. These can be defined as followsFor RetailersAdvantagesReduction of producer domination in the marketplaceIncrease in consumer loyaltyAn opportunity to differentiate and provide varietyFlexibility in pricing strategyPositive control over stock keeping inventoryBette r bargaining position in a depressed economyDisadvantagesErosion of brand image and brand value if private label quality is poor neglect of standardization of private labels between categories upsets the customerFinancial control concernsExcessive focus on the private label at the expense of other productsThe retailer could be perceived as less powerful in the marketplace as they dont promote recognized brandsLow price may equate to low qualityLack of financial support from suppliersFor ConsumersAdvantagesA guarantee of the same quality for a serious price differentiationMore variety within the categoryA trusted retail name equals trust in the productProduct provides a need based on a want, where products were missing within the category. E.g. pagan foods, diet foods, sugar free foods and so on.DisadvantagesLow quality product. Consumers may have a prejudice to low price equaling low quality front customer failures could affect the whole private label range in a store.INDIA SCENARI OCorrelated with the immense suppuration in the retail sector, the growth in sales of private brands stands at an awing 30% (YOY). As per an AC Nielsen study groceries account for 46% of Private Brand sales. Correlated with the immense growth in the retail sector, the growth in sales of private brands stands at an impressive 30% (YOY). As per an AC Nielsen study groceries account for 46% of Private Brand sales.Strategic Issues for Retail CEOs, a thought leadership report by PricewaterhouseCoopers, puts forth that private label products will be a major(ip) lever for growth of participants in Indias retail sector. Indian consumers, often referred to as value conscious, will find major benefit in purchasing private label products since final promotional offers to quickly move their own brands. Indias major retailers expect to embark upon the following strategies for their private label products costs paid are lower. A demanding and aspiring middle class of 300 million people (or 75 million households) and a large young population of 500 million under the age of 25 years are just two of the demographic-oriented statistics that suggest a large market for private labels in India. In India, private labels are becoming a major component of retailers long-term strategies encompassing product development and sales. Most retailers are investing towards creating robust private label ranges which will appeal to consumers, delight consumers and also meet consumers price preferences. Those retailers who develop good quality, well-priced private labels, and focus on branding and promotion, will increase some(prenominal) their top and bottom lines in a retail environment where innovation, meeting customers necessarily and efficiency are imperative. (Indian Retail embraces private labels by N. V. Sivakumar).The greatest possible for private labels lies in developing countries, where retail chains with well-developed private-label ranges are growing rapidly. Although growt h for private labels is expected in all most all sectors, the highest growth in share is anticipated in the ready-meals sector. The growth of private labels in the international market, especially in developing countries, will be guided by the demands of busier lifestyles. Delivering higher quality and convenience, and introducing innovation in product ranges will help the private-label market to expand further. Retailers can make use of these opportunities by offering good-quality private labels that will foster a sense of brand quality among the customers. Over the long term, this could offer retailers a significant advantage in the global retail sphere. (Going global with private labels Sandeep Puri Dr Harsh Dwivedi).Private labels are still nascent in India which is to be expected given that modern trade started in the late 1990s. Given the variances in market maturity between Indias retail sector and that of other retail markets in the US and in Europe, it is natural that priv ate labels have yet to achieve a level of sophistication in India that they enjoy overseas. RESEARCH FINDINGSSome of the significant findings from the PLMA (Private Label Manufacturers Association) Research Report 2010 2011 are1). Consumers march on to turn to private-label products in these supermarket categories in which they had formerly purchased only a national-brand product. Around 43 per centum of these consumers report that they have recently forsaken a familiar national brand for a private-label counterpart-a marked increase since the GfK study conducted in June 2009, when only 35 percent of consumers said they had done so.2). Ninety-seven percent respondents compared private labels favourably to their previous national brand choices in the same categories. About 49 percent said that their new private-label selections compared very favorably to their earlier selected national brands. This is an impressive increase from 2009 when only 26 percent reported the same.A 2010 online global survey conducted by The Nielsen Company reveals that 60 percent of consumers across 55 countries from Asia Pacific, Europe, normality America, Latin America and Middle East/Africa (comprising countries from Saudi Arabia, Pakistan, United Arab Emirates, Egypt and South Africa) say they are buying more private-label brands because of the economic slowdown. An uncertain economy advance many customers to try private labels for the first time. Once this initial barrier was breached, they found private labels to be as good as their branded counterparts, albeit at economical prices.PRIVATE LABELS VS NATIONAL BRANDSThere are a few reasons driving private label growth an increased concentration among retailers, an improved quality perception among consumers, and a rising social acceptance of private labels consumption. In addition, the current economic downturn has further boosted the appeal of private labels because of their price public utility company.To struggle the thre at posed by private labels, consumer sheafd goods companies frequently adopt new innovation strategies focused on delivering new value to consumers. Furthermore, research shows that national brand manufacturers have mainly focused on increasing their distance from private labels through innovation and advertising in order to provide a superior value to the consumers compared to private labels brands. In this sense, product innovations help to sustain a national brands competitive advantage and provide a basis for a sustainable price premium over store brands. Research also shows that introduction of new products by national brands has a positive impact on their brand equity which makes them less vulnerable to PLs.CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES FOR PRIVATE LABELS IN INDIA1).Lack of retailer sophistication could hamper private label growthThere is lack of tack chain sophistication among Indian retailers. Most retailers still exchange information manually with suppliers. Indian retaile rs are yet to implement bar-coding techniques properly, let alone advanced(a) technologies such as radio frequency identification (RFID). There is also a lack of integrated IT systems, coupled with low overall IT spending. As is evident, Indian retailers have a long way to go before they can be compared with international retailers such as Tesco and Wal-Mart, in terms of technology and planning chain sophistication. Therefore, unless retailers kick in attention to these issues, they will be unable to make successful private label portfolios.2).Rural areas unlikely to be tapped by private labels in the near futureWhile it is widely acknowledged that the real potential in Indian retail lies in unsophisticated areas, the rural retail scenario continues to be unorganized and highly fragmented. While FMCG manufacturers such as Hindustan Unilever and ITC continue their efforts to solve the rural retail jigsaw through projects such as Shakti and e-Choupal, major retailers have tended to stay away from the rural scene. In light of high access costs due to infrastructure bottlenecks, along with absence of a successful rural retailing model, the above trend is likely to continue in the coming years. Therefore, the Indian private label market is expected to be largely curb to urban areas (metro cities), with some growth also coming from semi-urban areas (tier II towns).3).Psyche of the urban Indian consumer is both a hurdle and an opportunityIn an ACNielsen consumer survey in 2005, only 56 per cent Indians agreed that private labels are a good option in comparison with brands as against four in tail fin consumers in developed countries. Further, the same survey also concluded that a majority of Indian consumers associate private labels with low cost, and are, therefore, apprehensive about compromise on quality. The target segment for organized retail in India is still predominantly urban, and in the context of private labels, it is more inclined towards upwardly nomadic urban consumers. This segment gives high priority to quality, and the budget label perception does not help at all.Further, Indian retailers have not been able to develop a bond with consumers. Consumer loyalty has been seen to provide impetus to private label growth in developed countries such as the United Kingdom. The lack of this stick and loyalty could hamper private label incursion in coming years. At the same time, though, the Indian consumers psyche also provides an opportunity for retailers. The Indian urban consumer is price-conscious, but also expects high quality. Private label products could actually fit the bill perfectly.4).Intense competition in Indian retail could provide impetus to private labelsWith the entrance of several corporate majors such as Reliance, there is intense store-level competition in the current Indian retail scenario. However, if Indian retailers were to follow the UK model, this could actually turn out to be a boon for private label growth. Major UK retailers such as Sainsbury and Tesco have successfully used private labels to differentiate themselves. This scenario could be replicated in India in the near future.5).Private labels likely to exhibit maximum penetration in food and groceries, clothing and consumer durables segmentsAll segments where region of organized retail is relatively high, and which are also exhibiting the highest overall growth rates, are most likely to show maximum private label penetration in the near future. The following figure illustrates the findings of a simple analytical model based on the above two assumptions. Private label penetration by categoryhttp//www.indiaretailing.com/images/private10.jpg6).Ability of retailers to preface likely to drive future growth of private labelsThe main USP of private labels is their customization according to user demands. They are then promoted by various means including innovative packaging, promotional schemes, and placement within the retail store. Therefore, success of private label retailers globally has been dependent on their ability to innovate in all aspects of a product formulation or ingredients, supply chain, packaging, advertising, promotional schemes, and so on. The dynamism of private label retailers, in responding to changing consumer needs through suitable modifications, is also critical. In light of the intense competition in Indian retail, coupled with the choosy Indian customer, future success of private labels would depend on the ability of Indian retailers to innovate. This is again a question mark, given the reputation of Indian companies as poor innovators. RECENT TRENDSPrivate labels are a growth opportunity that retailers cannot afford to ignore and many are assessing market potential by conducting pilot projects to assess the impact that own brands have on visibility, sales and revenues. Others are working on enhancing depth and breadth of private label ranges. Other selected observations inclu deWhile low-price private labels exist, retailers are changing their focus from a price game to one that involves developing a portfolio of brands with distinct positioning for each brand. Retail chains are trying to clear unfulfilled demands existing in Indian market through need- to-do analysis. Retailers are incorporating demographic and psychographic indicators into their need-gap assessments.Retailers are also learning from the lessons of experimentation the quality of their private labels is being improved, product extensions are being created, etc. Some retailers are launching dedicated formats for private labels in apparel and accessories. In the early stages of being launched, this is an character of the level of commitment that retailers are exhibiting to private labels.Retailers are also working to increase and improve the level of trust that consumers have with regard to private label offerings. That said, sharp promotions, competitive pricing, freebies, etc. are some ways in which retailers can incentivize consumers to try private label products. Factors Influencing Private label StrategiesPrivate labels plainly be successful without having to rely on the price weapon?. Economic theory hold that the price consumers are willing to pay for a product depends on the utility they derive from consuming the product. A major source of utility is the perceived quality of the product. Perceived quality is defined as the dot of perceived performance excellence of the product. How well does the brand perform its function in the eyes of the consumer?Perceived Quality, Not Price, Drives Private Label SuccessTo date the relation between perceived quality and price, we need to understand the different types of buyersRandom Buyers are not particularly price sensitive and see pocket-size difference in quality.Brand buyers are consumers who are low on price sensitiveness and perceive a large quality difference between leading national brands and the store bra nds .They will buy national brandPrivate label buyers are price sensitive consumers who perceive a small quality gap between leading manufacturer brands and the store brand. They will purchase the store brand.Toss-ups are consumers who are high on price sensitivity and perceive large quality differences between leading national brands and the store brandThe battleground is among toss-ups and random buyers. However the strategy to induce them to private labels is very different. Random buyers can be attracted to the private by using in-store stimuli that guide the shopper to the private label, such as favorable shelf facings, shelf tag ons, and end-of the aisle displays. Toss-ups will usually purchase national brand since for most consumers quality is more important than price. This is especially true if the national brand regularly runs price promotions, which will appeal to the toss-ups high price sensitivity. Private labels can convert toss-ups in to private label buyers only if they convince consumers that the quality of the private labels is equal to, if not better than, the quality of the national brands.National Brands Irrational Price PremiumThe question to ask is whether consumers willing to pay more for better quality?It is beneficial that they value quality, but better quality products often cost more to produce, which translates in to higher prices. Thus the question is whether products of higher perceived quality also command a higher price in the marketplace.Consumers are often willing to pay disproportionate price premium for better quality, because quality typically has more weightage than price in purchase decisions. When the relationship between perceived quality gap the price premium commanded by the NBs over PLs for CPGS (consumer package goods) was examined on 75 CPG categories in France, one of the publics most important and competitive private label markets, the following insights were seenIn categories where the perceived quality o f national brands exceeds the quality of store brands, the average price premium for manufacturer brands is 56 percent.In quality- equivalent categories (i.e., categories where consumers do not perceive a quality difference between national brands and store brands), the price premium commanded by national brands is 37 percent.The French findings are consistent with the evidence from the United States.A recent study ( using objective quality as reported by Consumer Reports) finds that a 1 percent quality gap between manufacturer and store brands is associated with a 5 percent price gapThe price premium that national brands command in quality- equivalent markets is the same as in France, or 37 percent.In 33 percent of the cases, consumers perceive manufacturer and store brands as quality equivalent however they are willing to pay the same price for the store brands as for the manufacturer brand in only 5 percent of the cases.ConclusionThe perceived quality gap between NBs and store b rands is a major factor driving the price gapQuality is not the only factor there is residual price gap that cannot be explained by quality perceptions. The findings we had in categories where consumers do not perceive a quality difference between national and store brands , the price premium commanded by manufacturer brands is substantial 37 percent . Consumers are unwilling to pay equivalent prices for store brands even if they perceive them as quality equivalent.This last result is rather depressing for retailers. Why are consumers willing to pay a price premium for manufacturer brands, even when they do not perceive a quality difference between national and store brands? The reason is that national brands have a clear advantage on brand imagery.BRAND IMAGERY AND THE cost GAPNational brands offer something intangible that most private labels do not (yet) offer. They allow consumers to identify with the values imbued in the brand, and help consumers express who they are and how t hese brands fit in to their lifestyle and self concept. Brand imagery refers to the personalized social-emotional bond the consumer has with the brand. What does the brand stand for, and does that appeal to me? Consumers show no difficulty in assigning personality characteristics to brands, in thinking about brands as if they are animated, humanized, and personalized. For example brands like Marlboro, Harley- Davidson, Jack Daniels, and Levis glamorize American ideals of the West, strength, and masculinity, while sophisticated brands like Gucci, Chivas Regal, Revlon, and Mercedes are associated with aspiring imagers such as the upper class, glamour, and sexiness.These image components, regardless of the functional qualities of the product, can be extremely important to people. Two brands may be quality equivalent, but if one brand is stronger on image it will generate higher utility in the target segment. Consumers are willing to pay a price premium for image utility.Using the Frenc h CPG data mentioned earlier, the findings are as belowThe average price premium commanded by manufacturer brands in categories that are low on imagery (e.g., floor cleaners, kitchen paper, canned green beans) is 38 percent.The average price premium commanded by manufacturer brands in categories that are high on imagery (e.g. deodorants, hair coloring products, whiskey) is 61 percent.Thus the price premium associated with brand imagery is, on average, 23 percent and contributes significantly to the price gap.Although the importance of brand imagery varies across consumers, some generalizations still emerge.Younger consumers attach more importance to brand imagery because of their greater desire for social acceptability, besides being more image conscious in generalSingles and couples attach more importance to image utility than larger families.Poorer consumers give more weight to brand imagery. This seems paradoxical since they stand to gain most from purchasing a lower priced store brands. However, it allows them to show the world that they are also sophisticated consumers .Thus the fact that the poor buy private labels more often than the rich is because they have to, not because they want to.IMPLICATIONS FOR RETAILERSWe have seen that there is a lot more to private label success than price. We can formalize these ideas by drawing on economic theory. Consumers will purchase a private label if the price premium for the national brands exceeds the utility the consumer derives from the surplus in perceived quality and imagery generated by the national brand.Thus private labels do not have to compete on price alone. Beyond managing the price gap, they can also compete on two non price strategies. We will discuss them first before turning to managing the price gap.Decreasing the Perceived Quality GapOne way to decrease the perceived quality gap with the national brands is to increase the objective (actual) quality of the private label by using better materials